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Rapid prototyping is a group of techniques used to quickly fabricate a scale model of a physical part or assembly using three-dimensional computer aided design (CAD) data. Construction of the part or assembly is usually done using 3D printing or "additive layer manufacturing" technology. The first methods for rapid prototyping became available in the late 1980s and were used to produce models and prototype parts. Today, they are used for a wide range of applications and are used to manufacture production-quality parts in relatively small numbers if desired without the typical unfavorable short-run economics. This economy has encouraged online service bureaus. Historical surveys of RP technology start with discussions of simulacra production techniques used by 19th-century sculptors. Some modern sculptors use the progeny technology to produce exhibitions. The ability to reproduce designs from a dataset has given rise to issues of rights, as it is now possible to interpolate volumetric data from one-dimensional images.
Rapid prototyping services will change the aerospace industry both on the ground as well as in orbit. In April of 2015, the engineers at the Space Flight Center finally received a box containing tools that were printed by a machine installed on the ISS (International Space Station) in space in the November of 2014.
They received a ratchet wrench, for example, which was designed on earth by Made in Space, which is a 3D printing company. The files for the design were sent to space electronically so that astronauts in the ISS could print them. Made in Space is currently collaborating with NASA in order to establish a rapid prototyping facility onboard the ISS.
From 14 different designs sent to them, 21 tools in total were printed, and they were then compared with tools that were printed from the same printer before, that is, before it was sent into space. The main goal is to determine how 3D printing is affected by microgravity, which was why project engineers subjected both the sets of instruments to tests of structure, durability, and strength using CT scans, structured light scanning, and electron microscopes.
Although the first tools that were printed in space were more of a test and won’t really be utilized in space, the main intention is to allow the astronauts to print parts that need replacing during outer space missions without needing to wait for supply missions to be sent form earth. Each 6-month operation from ISS operates over 200 science experiments at once, meaning that the ability to create any necessary tool or part quickly would save both money as well as time. That way, any emergency repairs that may be needed can be taken care of much more smoothly. In addition to that, NASA is also planning to try and recycle as much of the printing materials as possible while in space, which will eliminate the need of having to send any new material from earth, as sending a pound of equipment into space takes approximately $10,000.
